Asap Rokok dan Pneumonia Balita: Tinjauan Literatur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/jlh.v6i4.1060Keywords:
balita, paparan asap rokok, perokok pasif, pneumoniaAbstract
Pneumonia merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada anak balita, dan paparan asap rokok (second-hand smoke/SHS) merupakan faktor risiko lingkungan yang dapat dimodifikasi serta meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap infeksi saluran napas. Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk merangkum bukti ilmiah terbaru mengenai hubungan antara paparan SHS dengan kejadian serta derajat keparahan pneumonia pada anak balita. Pendekatan tinjauan naratif sistematis dilakukan dengan menggunakan Google Scholar untuk mengidentifikasi penelitian observasional yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2020–2025 di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada SHS sebagai paparan utama dan pneumonia sebagai luaran. Hasil pencarian mendapatkan 26 artikel dan sebanyak enam studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Artikel dianalisis dengan membuat ringkasan dan hasil dari penelitian. Seluruh studi yang dianalisis secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa paparan SHS meningkatkan risiko pneumonia secara signifikan, dengan besar efek mulai dari dua kali lipat hingga lebih dari tiga belas kali lipat pada kondisi paparan tinggi. Beberapa penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perilaku merokok orang tua berhubungan dengan derajat pneumonia yang lebih berat. Bukti mekanistik menggambarkan bahwa SHS mengganggu pembersihan mukosilier, merusak epitel saluran napas, dan melemahkan respons imun bawaan sehingga mempermudah invasi patogen. Paparan SHS merupakan determinan kuat dan dapat dicegah dalam upaya menurunkan kejadian pneumonia pada anak balita.
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