Risk Factors of Placental Disorders: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i6.2922Keywords:
placental abruption, placenta praevia, placentaAbstract
Placental abruption, placenta praevia and placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) are placental disorders that contribute significantly to obstetric haemorrhage and maternal and perinatal morbidity. Identifying the risk factors for these disorders is crucial to support early detection and safe delivery planning. Objective to summarise the current evidence regarding the risk factors for these three placental disorders. A literature review was conducted and the study selection process was reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. This review utilised 10 selected articles published between 2021 and 2025. The literature search was conducted across several comprehensive databases, including PubMed/PMC, ScienceDirect, Springer Nature Link, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. The results of the narrative synthesis indicate that placental abruption is strongly associated with a history of previous abruption, the presence of placenta praevia, maternal age of 35 years or older, smoking, anaemia, and hypertensive disorders. Placenta praevia is significantly associated with advanced maternal age, a history of spontaneous abortion, a history of previous caesarean section, smoking, and the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART). There is a clear overlap in risk factors amongst these three placental disorders, although the level of certainty of the evidence varies for each factor.
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