Analysis of Risk Factors for Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i3.1215Keywords:
chronic energy deficiency, mental health of pregnant women , risk factorsAbstract
Chronic energy deficiency is a nutritional problem that is still commonly experienced by pregnant women in developing countries. This condition occurs when energy and protein intake is not met over a long period of time. CED is usually identified through upper arm circumference (UAC) measurements, where a value of <23.5 cm or in the red area of the UAC tape indicates risk. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of CED in pregnant women. The method used is quantitative with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all pregnant women who underwent examinations at the Gambirsari Surakarta Community Health Center in August 2025, with a sample of 88 respondents determined through consecutive sampling. Data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews, with the validity of the knowledge questionnaire ranging from 0.341 to 0.664, thus declared valid (r ≥ 0.30) and reliability tested with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.885, indicating excellent reliability. In contrast, the GPAQ instrument had substantial reliability (Kappa 0.67–0.73) and acceptable criterion-related validity against accelerometer (r = 0.48). Based on the results, the majority of participants did not experience CED (61.4%), were aged 20–35 years (83%), had a parity of <2 (94.3%), were economically well-off (60.2%), had good knowledge (59.1%), and engaged in light physical activity (43.2%). The chi-square analysis drew a significant relationship among age and CED (p=0.001), parity (p=0.05), economic status (p=0.001), knowledge (p=0.001), and physical activity (p=0.001). The multivariate test results confirmed that knowledge (p=0.002, OR=1.066) and physical activity (p=0.005, OR=1.226) were the dominant factors. There was a significant relationship among age, parity, economic status, knowledge, and physical activity by CED in pregnant women. Multivariate analysis confirmed that knowledge and physical activity were the dominant factors influencing the incidence of CED.
References
Aisyah, R. D., Suparni, S., & Fitriyani, F. (2023). Paket Konseling Gizi Terhadap Berat Badan, Lila Dan Hb Pada Ibu Hamil Dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronis. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan, 19(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.26753/jikk.v19i1.1031
Aprianti, N. F., Ilmiyani, S. N., Nurlathifah N. Yusuf, & Apriani Susmita Sari. (2021). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronik (Kek) Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Suela Tahun 2020. Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan, 1(2), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.55606/jrik.v1i2.1039
Auranissa, A., Zuhairini, Y., & Nurdiawan, W. (2024). Relationship between age, occupation, education, and parity with the chronic energy deficiency among pregnant women. International Journal of Public Health Science(IJPHS), 13(3), 1223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v13i3.23525
Deeksha Pandey, A. R. (2024). Review on High Risk in Pregnancy. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol, 3(516). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33545/26642298.2024.v6.i1a.136
Dinas Kesehatan Surakarta, D. (2022). Profil Kesehatan Kota Surakarta. Profil Kesehatan Kota Surakarta, 2.
Diningsih, R. F. et al. (2021). Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Gizi Terhadap Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (Kek) Pada Ibu Hamil. Binawan Student Journal, 3(3), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.54771/bsj.v3i3.327
Faozi, B. F. (2022). Hubungan Paritas Dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronis (Kek) Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Situ Kabupaten Sumedang. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Sebelas April, 4(1), 18–23. https://ejournal.unsap.ac.id/index.php/jiksa
Fatmawati, F., & Munawaroh, M. (2023). Hubungan Pengetahuan, Status Gizi Dan Pola Makan Dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik Pada Ibu Hamil Di Upt Puskesmas Bojonegara Tahun 2022. SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 2(6), 1873–1882. https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i6.977
Fitri, N. L., Sari, S. A., Dewi, N. R., Ludiana, L., & Nurhayati, S. (2022). Hubungan Usia Ibu Dengan Kejadian Kek Pada Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ganjar Agung Kecamatan Metro Barat Kota Metro. Jurnal Wacana Kesehatan, 7(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.52822/jwk.v7i1.406
Harismawati, Retni, A. (2019). Karakteristik Pekerjaan Responden Wiraswasta Petani Total Frekuensi Presentase. Zaitun Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo, 7(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.31314/zijk.v7i2.1147
Istiqomah, D. N., & Farhat, Y. (2025). The Relationship Between The Level of Nutritional Knowledge, Consumption Patterns and The Level of Per Capita Income with The Incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) in Pregnant Women. Jurnal Riset Pangan Dan Gizi, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31964/jr-panzi.v6i2.226
Mandella, W., Veronica, N., & Sari, L. L. (2023). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK) Pada Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Seginim Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan. Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan, 2(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.58222/juvokes.v2i1.148
Mulyani, D. T., Mulyani, S., & Yuliana, Y. (2024). Literature Study The Relationship Between Pregnant Women’s Knowledge About Nutrition And The Incidence Of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). Jurnal Keperawatan Universitas Jambi, 9(1), 14–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/jkuj.v9i1.19795
Nadrah, N., Handayani, R., & Fatwiany, F. (2024). Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Gizi Dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronik Pada Kehamilan. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36984/jkm.v7i1.414
Pertiwi, W. E., Annissa, A., & Polwandari, F. (2022). Faktor Tidak Langsung Penyebab Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 11(02), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.33221/jikm.v11i02.1058
Rangkuti, N. P. (2023). Hubungan Aktifitas Fisik, Pantang Makan dan Sumber Informasi terhadap Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik (Kek) pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Aren Jaya Kota Bekasi Tahun 2021. Open Access Jakarta Journal of Health Sciences, 2(6), 754–760. https://doi.org/10.53801/oajjhs.v2i6.155
Retni, A., & Puluhulawa, N. (2021). Pengaruh Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Terhadap Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Batudaa Pantai. Zaitun (Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan), 9(1), 952. https://doi.org/10.31314/zijk.v9i1.1119
Riskesdas, 2019. (2019). Laporan nasional RISKESDAS 2019. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514
Rosita, U., & Rusmimpong, R. (2022). Hubungan Paritas dan Umur Ibu Hamil Dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik di Desa Simpang Limbur Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Simpang Limbur. Nursing Care and Health Technology Journal (NCHAT), 2(2), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.56742/nchat.v2i2.41
Rusmita, E., Andriyani, S., Wati, N. L., Erlina, L., & Rahayu, S. M. (2022). Pregnant Women’s Views About Knowledge of Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy Based on Characteristics. International Journal of Health and Medical Sciences, 5(4), 300–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n4.1976.
Sihite, J. S. (2022). Faktor Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK) Pada Ibu Hamil Puskesmas Aek Parombunan Kota Sibolga Tahun 2024. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah Sosial Budaya, 1(1), 205–217.
Sukmawati, S., Sari, E. N., & Pitri, D. (2023). Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil tentang Gizi Kehamilan dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Kehamilan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sitiung 1 Tahun 2022. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 224–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v7i1.5283
Sulistyaningsih, N. R., Mansur Sididi, & Septiyanti. (2023). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronis Pada Ibu Hamil Di Puskesmas Masohi Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Window of Public Health Journal, 4(6), 996–1006. https://doi.org/10.33096/woph.v4i6.351
Titininingsih, N., Rizka, F., Kisid, K. M., Tinggi, S., & Mataram, I. K. (2023). Hubungan Status Ekonomi dan Jumlah Kunjungan Antenatal Care (ANC) dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronik (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Donggo. PrimA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(2), 88–98.
Utami, A. P., Munir, M., & Widyastuti, E. R. (2023). Age And Parity Toward Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) Incident Of Pregnant Mother In Puskesmas Gaji. International Journal of Midwifery Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47710/ijmr.v3i2.54
Wati, E. K., Murwani, R., Kartasurya, M. I., & Sulistiyani, S. (2024). Determinants of chronic energy deficiency (CED) incidence in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in Banyumas, Indonesia. Narra J. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v4i1.742
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
