Differences in Hemoglobin and Hematocrite Levels in Active Smokers and Non-Smokers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i2.862Keywords:
active smokers, hematocrit, hemoglobin, non-smokersAbstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) are two important parameters in clinical hematology that reflect the body's ability to carry oxygen. Smoking is known to affect these parameters due to the exposure to carbon monoxide, which causes hypoxia and stimulates the production of more red blood cells. This phenomenon represents a significant health issue globally, including among employees in Indonesia, where smoking is common. The aim of this study is to investigate the difference in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels between active smokers and non-smokers among non-medical employees at RS Bhayangkara Tulungagung. This observational study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 30 respondents, consisting of 15 active smokers and 15 non-smokers, were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected through smoking behavior questionnaires and laboratory blood tests using a hematology analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Mann-Whitney U test to examine differences between the two groups. The average hemoglobin level in active smokers was 15.98 g/dl, which was higher compared to non-smokers at 15.03 g/dl. Similarly, the average hematocrit level in smokers was 50.40%, higher than in non-smokers at 44.91%. Mann-Whitney test results indicated significant differences between the two groups for both hemoglobin (p = 0.020) and hematocrit (p = 0.004). There are significant differences in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels between active smokers and non-smokers. Active smokers tend to have higher levels of Hb and Hct as a response to the hypoxia caused by carbon monoxide exposure from cigarette smoke.
References
Acik, D., Suyani, E., Aygun, B., & Bankir, M. (2020). The Effect of Smoking on Hematological Parameters. The Ulutas Medical Journal, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.5455/umj.20200209092535
Aliviameita, A., & Puspitasari. (2024). Pemeriksaan Hematologi Rutin. UMSIDA PRESS. Aminuddin, M. F., Situmorang, P. R., Yunus, N. A., Ihtiariningtyas, S., Endrawati, K. J., Hartono, A.
R., Dewi, I. G. A. A. S., Mus, R., Prasasti, A. G., & Afandi, A. (2024). Buku Referensi Hematologi Klinis: Analisis dan Diagnosis. PT Buku Loka Literasi Bangsa.
An, Z.-Y., Fu, H., He, Y., Zhu, X., Huang, Q.-S., Wu, J., Liu, K., & Zhang, X. (2023). Projected Global Trends in Hematological Malignancies: Incidence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years from 2020 to 2030. Blood, 142(Supplement 1), 3810–3810. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-187856
BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2022). Statistik Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur 2022.
Fajar, J. K., Sari, D. I., & Rohman, M. S. (2018). Elevated Hemoglobin and Hematocrit are Associated with the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Bakirkoy Tip Dergisi / Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 14(4), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.4274/BTDMJB.20170911073646
Haiti, M., & Tominik, V. I. (2018). MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS GENERASI MUDA MELALUI PEMERIKSAAN HAEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOKRIT DAN GULA DARAH.
Jurnal Abdimas Musi Charitas, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.32524/jamc.v2i1.350
He, H., Pan, L., Cui, Z., Sun, J., Yu, C., Cao, Y., Wang, Y., & Shan, G. (2020). Smoking Prevalence, Patterns, and Cessation Among Adults in Hebei Province, Central China: Implications From China National Health Survey (CNHS). Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00177
Holipah, H., Sulistomo, H. W., & Maharani, A. (2020). Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 15(12 December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242558
Hultcrantz, M., Modlitba, A., Vasan, S. K., Sjölander, A., Rostgaard, K., Landgren, O., Hjalgrim, H., Ullum, H., Erikstrup, C., Kristinsson, S. Y., & Edgren, G. (2020). Hemoglobin concentration and risk of arterial and venous thrombosis in 1.5 million Swedish and Danish blood donors.
Thrombosis Research, 186, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.011 Makawekes, M. T., Kalangi, S. J. R., & Pasiak, T. F. (2016). PERBANDINGAN KADAR
HEMOGLOBIN DARAH PADA PRIA. In Jurnal e-Biomedik (eBm) (Vol. 4, Issue 1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.v4i1.11250
Nugraha, G., Sahri, M., Kurniasari, D. W., Maifanda, A. S., Sugiarto, S. K., & Syaifulloh, M. B. (2021). Pemeriksaan Hematologi Rutin Pada Tenaga Laboratorium Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1, 711–718. https://snpm.unusa.ac.id
Panawala Lakna. (2017). What is the Function of Hemoglobin in the Human Body.
Prabowo, B., Rosida, T., & Ahmad, H. (2020). Hubungan Klasifikasi Perokok dengan Kesehatan Jaringan Periodontal Masyarakat yang Merokok di Pulau Harapan diukur dengan Skor CIPTN. Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan, 5(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v5i2.195
Rahadatul, D. A., Syamsul Hadi, W., & Rahma Shafriani, N. (2024). Analisis kontrol kualitas hemoglobin hematologi analyzer puskesmas x menurut grafik levey-jennings dan six sigma (Vol. 2).
Ramadani Fitri, Alam Kalsum Ummu, Nursyafikah, Fawzan Iqbal M., Dahlia, Yusmayana Mayuni, & Khaerunnisa Rifka Nur. (2023). Teknik Manajemen dan Pengelolaan Laboratorium Kesehatan Veteriner (Mu’nissa A., Jumadi Oslan, Junda M., & Hamjaya Hamdu, Eds.). Universitas Negeri
Makassar.
Restuti, A. N. S., & Lironika Suryana, A. (2018). Asupan Protein dan Parameter Hematologi pada Perokok. Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan, 4(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.30602/jvk.v4i2.118
Schmitt, M., Ewendt, F., Kluttig, A., Mikolajczyk, R., Kraus, F. B., Wätjen, W., Bürkner, P.-C., Stangl, G. I., & Föller, M. (2024). Smoking is associated with increased eryptosis, suicidal erythrocyte death, in a large population-based cohort. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53258-y
Wu, Y., Fu, L., Wang, B., Li, Z., Wei, D., Wang, H., Zhang, C., Ma, Z., Zhu, T., & Yu, G. (2022).
Construction of a prognostic risk assessment model for lung adenocarcinoma based on Integrin β family‐related genes. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 36(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24419
Yuniarty, T., Astuti, T. D., Zafrida, S., Garini, A., Astriani, R. D., Sundari, T., Ardina, R., Nurhayati, B., Rayi, H., Novilla, A., & Santosa, B. (2024). Modul Praktikum Hematologi bagi Mahasiswa Prodi Teknologi Laboratorium Medik. Asosiasi Institusi Pendidikan TInggi Teknologi Laboratorium Medik Indonesia.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
