Determination of Factors Affecting the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v7i6.294Keywords:
anemia, parity, pregnant women, sosiodemografi, timor lesteAbstract
Anemia in pregnant women remains a global health problem, including in Timor Leste, where its prevalence is notably high. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the incidence of anemia among pregnant women at Centro Saude Komunitaria Becora, Dili. A quantitative study was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional design. The study population comprised all pregnant women diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia in July 2025, totaling 115 individuals, all of whom were included as respondents using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire tested for validity (p < 0.05) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.838). Variables examined included maternal age, parity, education, income, ANC visit frequency, knowledge level, compliance with iron supplementation, and anemia status based on hemoglobin levels (<11 g/dL). Data were analyzed using univariate statistics for frequency distribution, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square tests, and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression (95% CI; p < 0.05). Results revealed six significant factors: age, parity, education, income, ANC visit frequency, and knowledge. High parity (multiparity) emerged as the dominant risk factor (OR = 43.560), while other factors were protective. In conclusion, anemia in pregnant women is more strongly influenced by sociodemographic and behavioral factors than by supplementation compliance alone. Therefore, interventions should emphasize nutrition education, strengthening ANC services, economic empowerment, and optimal birth spacing strategies.
References
Ameline, A. S., Chandra, D. N., Htet, M. K., Zahra, N. L., & Fahmida, U. (2025). Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in East Lombok district, Indonesia. PloS One, 20(6), e0323942. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323942
Animut, K., & Berhanu, G. (2022). Determinants of anemia status among pregnant women in ethiopia: using 2016 ethiopian demographic and health survey data; application of ordinal logistic regression models. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04990-8
Araujo Costa, E., & de Paula Ayres-Silva, J. (2023). Global profile of anemia during pregnancy versus country income overview: 19 years estimative (2000–2019). Annals of Hematology, 102(8), 2025–2031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-023-05279-2
Azmi, U., & Puspitasari, Y. (2022). Literature review: Risk factors of anemia in pregnancy women. Journal for Quality in Public Health, 6(1), 244–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v6i1.428
Balarajan, Y., Ramakrishnan, U., Özaltin, E., Shankar, A. H., & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378(9809), 2123–2135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62304-5
Berhe, B., Mardu, F., Legese, H., Gebrewahd, A., Gebremariam, G., Tesfay, K., Kahsu, G., Negash, H., & Adhanom, G. (2019). Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Adigrat General Hospital, Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4347-4
Engidaw, M. T., Lee, P., & Ahmed, F. (2025). Iron and folic acid supplementation compliance during pregnancy and its effect on post-pregnancy anaemia among reproductive-age women in East Africa. Women’s Health, 21, 17455057251317548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057251317547
Gebremedhin, S., Samuel, A., Mamo, G., Moges, T., & Assefa, T. (2014). Coverage, compliance and factors associated with utilization of iron supplementation during pregnancy in eight rural districts of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 607. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-607
Gedefaw, L., Ayele, A., Asres, Y., & Mossie, A. (2015). Anaemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in Walayita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 25(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v25i2.8
Getaneh, F., & Atnafu, A. (2020). Patterns of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Computed Tomography at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 30(2), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v30i2.8
Hadjo, S. S. (2024). An Epidemiological Investigation of Perinatal Mortality in Three Southeast Asia Countries: Indonesia, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste. Newcastle University.
Haider, B. A., Olofin, I., Wang, M., Spiegelman, D., Ezzati, M., & Fawzi, W. W. (2013). Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3443
Kapoor, A., Sharma, G., & Bakshi, R. (2021). Correlation of mature mean follicle on transvaginal ultrasound and serum estradiol levels on day of trigger injection of ovulation in ovarian stimulation cycle of in vitro fertilization with retrieved oocytes. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10(2), 466–469.
Kassa, Z. Y., Awraris, T., Daba, A. K., & Tenaw, Z. (2019). Compliance with iron folic acid and associated factors among pregnant women through pill count in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0679-8
Kassie, G. A., Hailegebireal, A. H., Gebrekidan, A. Y., Woldegeorgis, B. Z., Adella, G. A., Haile, K. E., & Asgedom, Y. S. (2024). Anemia status and its determinants among reproductive-age women in Tanzania: A multi-level analysis of Tanzanian demographic and health survey data. PloS One, 19(11), e0311105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311105
Leung, A. K. C., Lam, J. M., Wong, A. H. C., Hon, K. L., & Li, X. (2024). Iron deficiency anemia: an updated review. Current Pediatric Reviews, 20(3), 339–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396320666230727102042
Mulyani, A. T., Khairinisa, M. A., Khatib, A., & Chaerunisaa, A. Y. (2025). Understanding Stunting: Impact, Causes, and Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Reduction: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17(9), 1493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091493
Munro, M. G., Mast, A. E., Powers, J. M., Kouides, P. A., O’Brien, S. H., Richards, T., Lavin, M., & Levy, B. S. (2023). The relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 229(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.01.017
Noptriani, S., & Simbolon, D. (2022). Probability of non-compliance to the consumption of Iron Tablets in pregnant women in Indonesia. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 63(3), E456. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.3.2340
Obeagu, E. I. (2025). Iron homeostasis and health: understanding its role beyond blood health–a narrative review. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 87(6), 3362–3371. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000003100
Purba, T., & Sitepu, L. P. (2023). Analysis of Factors Influencing Anemia Prevalence in Pregnant Women: A Study in the Berastagi Community Health Center Working Area. Acta Psychologia, 2(3), 98–106. https://psychologia.pelnus.ac.id/index.php/Psychologia/article/view/42
Rachman, A., Yochanan, E., Samanlangi, A. I., & Purnomo, H. (2024). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Saba Jaya Publisher.
Subhaktiyasa, P. G. (2024). Menentukan Populasi dan Sampel: Pendekatan Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 9(4), 2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v9i4.2657
Sugesti, R. (2025). Factors Influencing the Incidence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. Journal of Health Research and Technology, 3(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58439/jhrt.v3i2.288
Talin, I. A., Abid, M. H., Samad, M. A., Domínguez Azpíroz, I., de la Torre Diez, I., Ashraf, I., & Nahid, A.-A. (2023). Exploring factors influencing the severity of pregnancy anemia in India: a study using proportional odds model. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 22816. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49872-x
Thifal, F., Noviasty, R., Ulfa, U. M., Farahita, L., Utari, A., Kurniawati, E. R., & Wisnuwardani, R. W. (2023). Factors related to the compliance to consuming iron-folic acid in young women in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal, 8(2), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.30867/action.v8i2.928
WHO. (2021). National Civil-Military Health Collaboration Framework for Strengthening Health Emergency Preparedness: WHO Guidance Document. WHO.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
