The Effect of Combining Astaxanthin and Vitamin E on IL-1, IL-6, And CRP Levels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i3.1419Keywords:
astaxanthin, IL-1, IL-6, CRP, vitamin EAbstract
Carrageenan-induced inflammation binds to TLR-4, activating the NF-kβ pathway, which attracts macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6, leading to the production of CRP. Astaxanthin and vitamin E have anti-inflammatory effects, but their combined effects are poorly studied. This study examines whether astaxanthin combined with vitamin E reduces IL-6, IL-1, and CRP levels in male Wistar rats induced by carrageenan. This experiment used a post-test-only control-group design with groups: KN (standard feed), KS (1% carrageenan induction), and KP (combination of 0.72 mg/kgBW astaxanthin and 24.1 mg/kgBW vitamin E). ELISA was performed 24 hours after carrageenan induction. Parametric data analysis was performed, followed by a post hoc test. The results showed that IL-1 levels were highest in KS (1.61 pg/mL), followed by KP (0.42 pg/mL) and KN (0.28 pg/mL). Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests) identified significant differences among all groups (p<0.05). IL-6 levels decreased in KP (58.67 pg/mL) compared to KS (98.83 pg/mL). CRP levels were highest in KS (2.35 ng/mL), followed by KP (1.01 ng/mL) and KN (0.75 ng/mL), with KS showing a significant increase compared to KN (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that the combination of astaxanthin and vitamin E has an anti-inflammatory effect on IL-6, IL-1, and CRP levels in male Wistar rats induced by carrageenan.
References
Andi Ita Maghfirah, Tenri Esa, Uleng Bahrun, (2023). Understanding Interleukin 1 Beta as a Proinflammatory Cytokine. Medika Alkhairaat: Journal of Medical and Health Research 5, 135–143. https://doi.org/10.31970/ma.v5i3.134
Cui, L., Xu, F., Wang, M., Li, L., Qiao, T., Cui, H., Li, Z., Sun, C., (2019). Dietary natural astaxanthin at an early stage inhibits N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal cancer oxidative stress and inflammation via downregulation of NFκB and COX2 in F344 rats. Onco Targets Ther 12, 5087–5096. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S197044
Devitasari, (2022). The Role of Vitamin E in Skin. Journal of Clinical and Health Research 1, 116–126. https://doi.org/10.11594/jk-risk.01.2.6
Federer, WT, (1956). Experimental Design: Theory and Application. Forest Science 2, 186–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/FORESTSCIENCE/2.3.186
Gardaneh M., Nayeri Z., Akbari P., Gardaneh M., TH, (2020). Molecular Simulations Identify Target Receptor Kinases Bound by Astaxanthin to Induce Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis. Archives of Breast Cancer 7, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.32768/abc.20207272-82
Guo S., Guo L., Fang L., Yu M., Zhang L., You C., Wang, Scientific Reports 11, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86146-w
Kang, H., Lee, Y., Bae, M., Park, Y., Lee, J., (2020). ScienceDirect Astaxanthin inhibits alcohol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages in a sirtuin 1-dependent manner ☆. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 85, 108477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108477
Kumar V., Abbas. AK, AJC, (2021). Robbins Basic Pathology, 10th ed, Pathology (Philadelphia, Pa.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12413_23
Lala, MDT, Sari, DR, (2023). Comparison of Histological Features of the Pyramidal Layer of the Ca1 Area of the Hippocampus of the Muscles Exposed to Electromagnetic Wave Radiation from 3G and 4G Cell Phones. Journal of Professional Nursing Research 5, 1279–1290. https://doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v5i3.1772
Liu J., Han X., Zhang T., Tian K., Li Z., L., (2023). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapy. Journal of Hematology and Oncology 16, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01512-7
Liu, J., Han, Journal of Hematology & Oncology 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-023-01512-7
Mamarimbing MS, Putra IGNAD, SEI, (2020). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Extract of Bone Fracture Plant (Euphorbia tirucalli l.). Journal MIPA 9, 60. https://doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.9.2.2020.28709
Nair A., Ahirwar A., Singh S., Lodhi R., Lodhi A., Rai A., Jadhav DA, Harish, Varjani S., Singh G., Marchand J., Schoefs B., VV, (2023). Astaxanthin as a King of Ketocarotenoids: Structure, Synthesis, Accumulation, Bioavailability, and Antioxidant Properties. Marine Drugs 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/md21030176
Najoan, GC, Prasetyaningsih, A., Prakasita, VC, Wisaksono, AA, Rahardjo, D., (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Astaxanthin Extract from Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp Waste Against the Number of Neutrophils and Lymphocytes in White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Injected with Carrageenin. Academic Scholars J Biosci 9, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2021.v09i05.002
Novika DS, Ahsanunnisa R., YDF, (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Starfruit Leaf Ethanol Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) on Protein Denaturation Inhibition. Stannum: Journal of Science and Applied Chemistry 3, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v3i1.2117
Putri, S. Y., Isadiartuti, D., Isnaeni, Fahreza, A. F., Putri, A. V. M., Diana, Z., Fatihah, N. N., Arimbawa, I. G. R., Fakhirah, A., Wijayanata, T. N., Pangestu, M. P., Firdanthi, A., Addriana, O., & Rohma, U. A. (2024). The Effectiveness of Vitamin E Soft Capsules as an Antioxidant. Berkala Ilmiah Kimia Farmasi, 11(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.20473/bikfar.v11i1.51902
Rabou, AAA, Kamal, M., Alharbi, HY, Aljohani, MS, El-Atawy, MA, Kishta, MS, (2025). Modulation of PI3K/AKT signaling and DFT modeling via selected pharmaceutical compounds attenuates carrageenan-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03689-1
Rahmalia W., Adhitiyawarman, Prayitno DI, LYNB, (2024). Antioxidant Activity of Astaxanthin Extract from Dogol Shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) Shell and Head Waste. Journal of Tropical Marine 27, 380–390. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22706
Widyarini S., Sugiyono, Kristianingrum YP, SB, (2023). Carrageenan as a Model of Inflammation in the Dorsal Skin of Mice: Macroscopic and Histopathological Images. Jurnal Sain Veteriner 41, 88. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.86924
Xiang, L., Huang, Q., Chen, T., He, Q., Yao, H., Gao, Y., (2023). Ethanol extract of Paridis rhizoma attenuates carrageenan-induced paw swelling in rats by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 23, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04264-6
Yin, Y., Xu, N., Qin, T., Zhou, B., Shi, Y., Zhao, Mar Drugs 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100534.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
