Clinical Evidence of Probiotics for Acne

Authors

  • Ike Martyani Universitas Sumatera Utara
  • Imam Budi Putra Universitas Sumatera Utara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i3.1234

Keywords:

attitude, behavior, genital health, knowledge, reproductive health

Abstract

Genital health is a fundamental component of reproductive health and significantly influences physical, psychological, and social well-being. However, the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward genital health remains underexplored, particularly among male populations. The aim of the study was to examine the simultaneous relationship of knowledge and attitudes with behaviors in maintaining genital health among male. This cross-sectional analytical study involved 608 male respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to genital health. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize respondent characteristics, and associations between variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05.  Most respondents demonstrated good knowledge (73.8%) and positive attitudes (88.8%) toward genital health. However, behavioral practice was divided between moderate (51.3%) and good (48.5%) categories. A significant association was observed between knowledge and behavior (p = 0.007) and between attitude and behavior (p = 0.001), indicating that higher knowledge and more positive attitudes were strongly associated with better genital health practices. Knowledge and attitudes are key determinants of genital health behavior. Interventions aimed at improving male genital health should integrate educational strategies that enhance knowledge while simultaneously fostering positive attitudes to achieve sustainable behavioral change.

 

References

Adjie, J. M. S., Kurniawan, A. P. & Surya, R. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Reproductive Health Issue of Adolescents in Rural area, Indonesia : A Cross-sectional Study Abstract : The Open Public Health Journal, 15(e187494452206275), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.2174/18749445-v15-e2206275

Azijah, I., Sari, D. N. & Herlina, L. (2022). Pengaruh Promosi Kesehatan Reproduksi terhadap Pengetahuan Remaja di SMA Santika Bambu Apus Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Bidang Ilmu Kesehatan, 12(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.52643/jbik.v12i1.1990

Aziz, A., Memon, S., Aziz, F., Memon, F., Khowaja, B. M. H. & Naeem Zafar, S. (2024). A comparative study of the knowledge and practices related to menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Women’s Health (London, England), 20, 17455057241231420. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057241231420

Chen, Y., Bruning, E., Rubino, J. & Eder, S. E. (2017). Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage. Women’s Health (London, England), 13(3), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745505717731011

Doğan, A., Toker, M. S., Gozdas, H. T. & Bal, T. (2024). Knowledge and Attitude of Turkish Male Health Care Workers Regarding Human Papillomavirus and Vaccination. American Journal of Men’s Health, 18(6), 15579883241304574. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883241304574

Dungga, E. F. & Ihsan, M. (2023). Pendidikan Kesehatan Reproduksi Pada Remaja. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Farmasi: Pharmacare Society, 2(2), 134–139.

F Alves, R. (2024). The relationship between health-related knowledge and attitudes and health risk behaviours among Portuguese university students. Global Health Promotion, 31(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759231195561

Felix, T. C., de Araújo, L. B., Röder, D. V. D. de B. & Pedroso, R. D. S. (2020). Evaluation of Vulvovaginitis and Hygiene Habits of Women Attended in Primary Health Care Units of the Family. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 49–57. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S229366

Hadımlı, A., Akan, A., Kardeş, G., Akkurt, B. & Saydam, B. K. (2024). Determination of menstrual hygiene management and genital hygiene behaviors of students: A university example from Turkey. Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da U S P, 58, e20240113. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2024-0113en

Ian Janes, W. C., Henley, J., Andrews, M., Organ, M. & Johnston, P. (2023). A quality assurance review of penile cancer diagnostic delays and stage at presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Urological Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Des Urologues Du Canada, 17(5), E134–E140. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.8143

Istiani, H. G. & Rokhmiati, E. (2021). Pengetahuan dan Hubungannya dengan Perilaku Genital Hygiene dan SADARI pada Remaja Putri. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan Indonesia, 11(4), 188–193.

Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K. & Weaver, J. (2015). The Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Communication, 30(6), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363

Kågesten, A. & van Reeuwijk, M. (2021). Healthy sexuality development in adolescence: proposing a competency-based framework to inform programmes and research. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29(1), 1996116. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.1996116

Kamolratanakul, S. & Pitisuttithum, P. (2021). Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness against Cancer. Vaccines, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121413

Karahan, N., Aydemir, G. & Şahin, E. T. (2025). Genital hygiene behaviors in women: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 71(4), e20241760. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20241760

Koskan, A., Stecher, C. & Helitzer, D. (2021). College males’ behaviors, intentions, and influencing factors related to vaccinating against HPV. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(4), 1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1819101

Laila, I. & Zuraida. (2020). Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap, Akses Informasi Dengan Perawatan Organ Genitalia Eksterna Pesantren Parabek. Menara Ilmu: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Ilmiah, 14(1), 116–126.

Mariani, A., Seweng, A., Ruseng, S. S., Moedjiono, A. I., Abdullah, T., Anshary, A., Nur, R., Basir, M., Mahfudz & Sabir. (2021). The relationship between knowledge and personal hygiene and the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases at the Community Health Center Talise, Palu. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35, S164–S167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.016

Mkpanam, N., Mpama, E., Ekpenyong, N., Omoronyia, O. & Agbor, I. (2022). Comparative study of sexual health knowledge and practices among sexually active adolescent girls in co-educational and girls-only secondary school in Calabar, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 43, 157. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2022.43.157.35942

Muneer, A., Bandini, M., Compérat, E., Meerleer, G. De, Fizazi, K., Gietema, J., Gillessen, S., Kirkham, A., Sangar, V., Alifrangis, C., Powles, T. & Committee, E. G. (2024). Penile cancer : ESMO e EURACAN Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis ,. ESMO Open, 9(7), 103481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103481

Oktaviani, L., Mufarikhah, L., Hanifa, S. & Tahun, O. (2024). The Role of Health Education : Changing Knowledge and Attitude of Adolescents in Providing Reproductive Health. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(11), 8500–8506. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.8723

Pane, N. K., Tanjung, H. & Batubara, R. A. (2024). Hubungan Pengetahuan Keputihan dengan Perilaku Hygiene Genitalia Remaja Putri. Jurnal Promotif Preventif, 7(6), 1196–1202.

Patra, S., Shand, H. & Ghosal, S. (2025). HPV and Male Cancer : Pathogenesis , Prevention and Impact. Journal of the Oman Medical Association, 2(4), 1–28.

Perkins, O. S., Leslie, S. W. & Cortes, S. (2024). Balanoposthitis. StatPearls Publishing LLC.

Petrovic, K., Burney, S. & Fletcher, J. (2011). The relationship of knowledge, health value and health self-efficacy with men’s intentions to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(8), 1198–1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311402861

Preston, S. M. & Darrow, W. W. (2019). Are Men Being Left Behind (Or Catching Up)? Differences in HPV Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitudes Between Diverse College Men and Women. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(6), 1557988319883776. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319883776

Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education & Behavior, 2(4), 328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403

Septiyana, M. E., Margareta, C., Melariani, S., Maulita, M., Kebidanan, A. & Pringsewu, A. (2023). Perilaku Kebersihan Genetalia Pada Remaja Putri Di Sekolah Menengah Atas. P-Issn) Jurnal Alaqoh, 13(1), 44–48.

Sirait, B. I. & Posdo Simarmata, V. (2021). The relationship of knowledge, attitudes, and personal hygiene practices of external genital organs to the incidence of leucorrhoea in students of the faculty of medicine, Indonesian christian university class of 2019. International Journal of Medical and Health Research, 7(6), 60–66.

Smith, S. & Johnson, G. (2023). A systematic review of the barriers , enablers and strategies to embedding translational research within the public hospital system focusing on nursing and allied health professions. PLOS ONE, 16, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281819

Sukmawati, Utami, J. N. W. & Astuti, T. (2025). Literature Review: Personal Hygiene Genitalia And Adolescent Reproductive Health. Science Midwifery, 13(1), 9–18.

Vasconcelos, P., Carrito, M. L., Quinta-Gomes, A. L., Patrão, A. L., Nóbrega, C. A., Costa, P. A. & Nobre, P. J. (2024). Associations between sexual health and well-being: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 102(12), 873-887D. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.24.291565

World Health Organization. (2025). Sexual and reproductive health and rights. https://www.who.int/health-topics/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights#tab=tab_1

Wu, H., Tong, X., Wang, L., Huang, Y. & Zhang, L. (2023). HPV vaccine information, knowledge, attitude, and recommendation intention among male college students in China. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 19(2), 2228163. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2228163

Yao, H., Ma, R., Sun, Q., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Bao, T. & Li, T. (2025). Knowledge , attitudes and practices regarding sexual health among Chinese medical students : a multicenter cross ‑ sectional study. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07286-5

Yuan, Y., Sun, R., Zuo, J. & Chen, X. (2023). A New Explanation for the Attitude-Behavior Inconsistency Based on the Contextualized Attitude. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030223

Downloads

Published

2026-04-18

How to Cite

Martyani, I., & Putra , I. B. (2026). Clinical Evidence of Probiotics for Acne. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 8(3), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i3.1234

Similar Articles

<< < 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.