Correlation of Salt Intake and Physical Activity with Hypertension among University Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v8i1.599Keywords:
hypertension, physical activity, salt intakeAbstract
Hypertension is a major health problem in Indonesia, the city of Surakarta reporting a prevalence of 78.65% among non communicable diseases in 2023. Cases are also found in university students. They are vulnerable to unhealthy lifestyle changes, such as high salt (sodium) intake and low activity levels. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the salt intake and physical activity with hypertension among university students in Surakarta. A cross-sectional study involved 106 students selected by purposive sampling. Blood pressure was measured with a digital sphygmomanometer, salt intake were assessed with the SQFFQ, and physical activity was measured with the IPAQ. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank and Binary Logistic Regression tests. The results showed that there was a significant association between salt intake and physical activity with hypertension (p = 0.001). The Negelkerke R Square result showed 0.287, indicating that students with high salt intake and low activity levels had an increased risk of hypertension. In conclusion, high salt intake and low physical activity significantly contribute to 28.7% of hypertension cases. Students are advised to reduced salt consumption and regular physical activity to promote a healthier lifestyle.
References
Arefirad, T., Seif, E., Sepidarkish, M., Mohammadian Khonsari, N., Mousavifar, S. A., Yazdani, S., Rahimi, F., et al. (2022). Effect of exercise training on nitric oxide and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) production: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 13(October), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.953912
Armitha, Syaipuddin, & Jamaluddin, M. (2024). Hubungan Antara Asupan Garam Harian Dengan Keseimbangan Tekananan Darah Pada Pasien Hipertensi Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bantimurung. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa & Penelitian Keperawatan, 4, 2024.
Bairapareddy, K. C., Kamcheh, M. M. S., Itani, R. J., Mohamed, M., Zahran, H. A. E. A., Alaparthi, G. K., Tamim, M., et al. (2021). Low physical activity levels are linked to early hypertension risk in college-going young adults. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101258
BPS. (2023). Dalam Angka Dalam Angka. In Kota Kediri Dalam Angka.
Dewati, C. A., Natavany, A. R., Putri, Z. M., Nurfaizi, A., Rumbrawer, S. O., & Rejeki, D. S. S. (2023). Faktor Risiko Hipertensi di Indonesia. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 11(3), 290–307.
Dinkes Surakarta, S. (2024). Profil Kesehatan Kota Surakarta 2023 Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surakarta. In Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surakarta. www.dinkes.surakarta.go.id
Djalil, R.H., Zainar Kasim, & Sri Hardini Bawenti. (2024). Hubungan Sedentary Lifestyle denganTekanan Darah pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Manado. Jurnal Kesehatan Amanah, 8(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.57214/jka.v8i2.670
Ferencia, C., Rahayu, N. S., & Purwaningtyas, D. R. (2023). Hubungan Konsumsi Gula, Garam, Lemak dan Sedentary Lifestyle Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Usia Dewasa. Muhammadiyah Journal of Geriatric, 4(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.24853/mujg.4.2.117-128
Filippini, T., Malavolti, M., Whelton, P. K., Naska, A., Orsini, N., & Vinceti, M. (2021). Blood Pressure Effects of Sodium Reduction. Circulation, 143(16), 1542–1567. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050371
Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Data Resources | GHDx. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2025, from https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G. (2020). Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub5
Halim, R., & Sutriyawan, A. (2022). Studi Retrospektif Gaya Hidup Dan Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Usia Produktif. Journal of Nursing and Public Health, 10(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.37676/jnph.v10i1.2376
Halmaya, Hanum, F. N., Maulida, F., & Alhamda, S. (2024). Hubungan Asupan Natrium Dengan Tekanan Darah Pada Lanjut Usia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rasimah Ahmad Kota Bukit Tinggi Tahun 2023. Jurnal Gizi Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 5, 44–48.
Huzaipah, A. A., Aritonang, E. Y., & Lubis, R. (2020). Correlation among Sodium Intake, Fat Intake and Physical Activity with Prevalence of Hypertension in Young Adults at Arifin Achmad Regional Public Hospital, Riau. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 5(3), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.03.12.
Islam, S. M., Fardousi, A., Sizear, M. I., Rabbani, M. G., Islam, R., & Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M. (2023). Effect of leisure-time physical activity on blood pressure in people with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37149-2
Kemenkes. (2021). Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Hipertensi Dewasa. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1–85.
Purwono, J., Sari, R., Ratnasari, A., & Budianto, A. (2020). Pola Konsumsi Garam Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Lansia Salt Consumption Pattern With Hypertension in Elderly. Jurnal Wacana Kesehatan, 5(1), 531.
Rochmah, D. L., & Utami, E. T. (2022). Dampak Mengkonsumsi Monosodium Glutamat (Msg) Dalam Perkembangan Otak Anak. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 10(2), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkm.v10i2.32473
Rusyda, A. L. (2025). Exploring the Non-Communicable Disease Burden in Indonesia – Findings from the 2023 Health Survey. Indonesia Journal of Public Health Nutrition, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/ijphn.v5i2.1064
Silfiani, S., Fitri, N. L., & Ludiana. (2024). Penerapan Isometric Handgrip Exercise Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Penderita Hipertensi Di UPTD Puskesmas Yosomulyo Metro Pusat. Jurnal Cendikia Muda, 4(September), 447–455.
Sirajuddin, Surmita, T. A. (2018). Survey Konsumsi Pangan. Educacao e Sociedade, 1(1), 1689–1699. http://www.biblioteca.pucminas.br/teses/Educacao_PereiraAS_1.pdf%0Ahttp://www.anpocs.org.br/portal/publicacoes/rbcs_00_11/rbcs11_01.htm%0Ahttp://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/7845/1/td_2306.pdf%0Ahttps://direitoufma2010.files.wordpress.com/2010/
Sulyok, E., Farkas, B., Nagy, B., Várnagy, Á., Kovács, K., & Bódis, J. (2022). Tissue Sodium Accumulation: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Antioxidants, 11(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040750
Tinduh, D., Abidanovanty, F. M., Zen, N. S. F., & Rahmaputri, F. (2022). The Role of Aerobic Exercise to Prevent Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiovascular and Cardiometabolic Journal (CCJ), 3(2), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.20473/ccj.v3i2.2022.87-93
WH0. (2025). Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension?utm_source
WHO. (2020). WHO Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. In Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport.
WHO. (2025). Sodium reduction. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sodium-reduction
Yang, J., Chen, X., Chen, X., & Li, L. (2025). Physical Activity and Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14941
Zhou, L., Feng, W., Xiang, N., Cheng, Y., Ya, X., Wang, M., Wang, X., & Liu, Y. (2022). Association between physical activity dimensions and the risk of hypertension among middle and older adults: A cross-sectional study in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.995755
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
